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Mobile phlebotomy services involve licensed phlebotomists providing blood draws and specimen collection

on July 10, 2025

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Transient incontinence is temporary urine leakage caused by a specific, reversible situation like an infection

on July 10, 2025

Anatomy and Physiology

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Multiple Choice Questions in Nursing Education

on June 16, 2025

Nclex RN Practice Quiz

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How to Recognize Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction

on November 09, 2023

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How to Identify and Treat Heart Murmurs

on November 06, 2023

Heart and Circulation

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Unveiling the Mysteries of Photosensitive Reactions

on November 01, 2023

Anatomy and Physiology

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Popular Posts

Homeostatic variables and control circuits

Claude Bernard emphasized the requirement for a stable internal environment - milieu interieur - that would allow biological processes to continue despite changes in the external environment in the 19th century (Bernard, 1878). Walter Cannon, who established the word "homeostasis" to describe how essential physiological variables are maintained within a set range by feedback mechanisms, expanded on Bernard's concept and popularized it (Cannon, 1929). In addition to the internal regulatory systems described by Bernard and Cannon, his contemporary, Curt Richter, broadened the concept of homeostasis to include behavioral responses as an important method by which homeostasis may be managed (Moran and Schulkin, 2000; Richter, 1943) Homeostasis is a unifying issue in modern physiology, and the molecular processes of homeostatic control have been extensively studied. However, because the term is seemingly simple, it is frequently misused. It is necessary to introduce and revisi...

NCLEX Rn Practice Quiz with Answers and Rationale Part I

NCLEX RN Practice Quiz 1. A new mother has a few concerns about (PKU). Which of the following statements about PKU made by a nurse is incorrect? A. The Guthrie test can verify the required lab values. B. There is a high concentration of phenyl pyruvic acid in the urine. C. PKU is frequently associated with mental deficits. D. PKU's effects are reversible. 2. An aspirin overdose has occurred in a patient. Which of the following should a nurse keep a close eye on during this patient's acute care? A. Initiation of pulmonary edema B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease Read Fluid and electrolyte and acid-base-balance. 3. A blind and deaf fifty-year-old patient has been admitted to your floor. What is your primary responsibility as the charge nurse for this patient? A. Inform others about the patient's deficiencies. B. Discuss your patient safety concerns with your supervisor. C. Keep the patient informed about his or her social e...

Pathophysiology of Intracranial Hypertension

The Monro-Kellie doctrine, which dates back over two centuries, defined the cranial vault as a fixed compartment made up of three components: blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue. It established that the sum of the volumes of the brain, CSF, and intracranial blood is constant and that an increase in one compartment causes a compensating decrease in another. Due to compensating mechanisms such as spinal dislocation of CSF or extracranial dislocation of cerebral venous blood, such volume increases initially result in just a tiny or unnoticeable increase in ICP. However, if a crucial threshold of increased volume in any cerebral compartment has been reached, even tiny volume increases can cause an exponential increase in ICP, as seen by the steeper part of the pressure-volume curve (SDC 2: Intracranial compliance curve). It's worth noting that elastance is the proper physiologic term for describing a change in pressure for a given change in volume, whereas compliance is ...

An update on the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease

Autoimmunity to the adrenal cortex is the most common cause of Addison's disease in developed countries, with prevalence estimates in Europe ranging from 93-220 per million. The immune-mediated attack on adrenocortical cells impairs their ability to synthesize important steroid hormones, necessitating lifelong hormone replacement therapy. The etiology of autoimmune disease is multifactorial, involving immune gene variants and environmental factors. We have recently learned that the adrenocortical cell is an active participant in the autoimmune process. The complex interplay between the immune system and the adrenal cortex is summarized here, as are unanswered questions and gaps in our current understanding of the disease. Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease In developed countries, Addison's disease is rare and usually the result of an autoimmune disease. Addison's disease can appear as a standalone condition or in conjunction with other autoimmune diseases: Addison's di...

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